Sunday, December 3, 2017

REMEMBERING : KHUSHWANT SINGH

SOURCE
http://tarekfatah.com/why-do-muslims-lag-behind-indias-late-khushwant-singh-offers-his-pov/






REMEMBERING : KUSHWANT SINGH






Burka “is [the] single most reprehensible cause for keeping Muslims backward … sooner it’s abolished, the better” – Khushwant Singh


“In my view, shared by all my Muslim friends, burqa is the single most reprehensible cause for keeping Muslims backward (it is synonymous to jehalat — ignorance and backwardness). The sooner it is abolished, the better.”

                                                Khushwant Singh

Hindustan Times


November 3, 2007



At the recent Book Fair in Delhi there was a stall selling Islamic literature. Friends who went round the stalls told me that among the hottest sellers was Answer to Non-Muslim Common Questions About Islam by Dr Zakir Naik (Madhur Sandesh Sangam).


The learned doctor, who has a phenomenal memory when it comes to quoting chapters, verses and lines of the scriptures, has chosen 20 questions, most often asked by non-believers: they include polygamy, burqa, drinking, eating pigmeat, afterlife, and kafirs.


I have heard Zakir Naik hold forth on these and other subjects several times on television before large receptive audiences, who hear him spellbound. I disagree with almost everything he has to say about misconceptions about Islam. Though by definition (a kafir), I don’t believe in God, satan, angels, devils, heaven or hell, I feel hurt and angry because I am emotionally and rationally bothered by the sorry plight of Muslims today.


I find Naik’s pronouncements somewhat juvenile. 

They seldom rise above the level of undergraduate college debates, where contestants vie with each other to score brownie points.

I will deal with only four of the twenty topics he deals with — two of minor and two of major importance.



Muslims and Pork

Why is eating pigmeat forbidden in Islam? Dr Naik tells us that the “pig is one of the filthiest animals on earth.”


Agreed, it eats garbage, including human and animal excreta. He further adds, “The pig is the most shameless animal on the face of the earth. It is the only animal that invites its friends to have sex with its mate” I admit I was not aware of this swinish aberration. He goes on to list 70 different types of diseases caused by eating pig meat. 

He does not tell us why the vast majority of non-Muslims, non-vegetarians of the world relish pig meat in different forms: ham, bacon, pork, sausages, salami etc.
Many Pacific island economies depend on breeding pigs. I for one have not heard of great epidemics caused by consumption of pig meat.



Muslims and Alcohol

Why is alcohol forbidden to Muslims? Actually, what is forbidden by the Quran is drunkenness, not drinking. However, Dr Naik construes it to be a sin.

He says, “Alcohol has been the scourge of human society, since time immemorial. It costs enormous human lives and terrible misery to millions throughout the world.”

He lists 19 diseases, including eczema, caused by intake of liquor. One does not have to quote the scriptures to prove that excessive drinking ruins one’s health, impoverishes families, leads to bad behaviour and crime. It is plain common sense.


People all over the world overdo it and suffer. Those who drink within limits enjoy it. I have been drinking for 70 years. I have not been drunk even once in my life, never fallen ill nor offended anyone.


I am 94 and still drink everyday.
My role model is Asadullah Khan Ghalib. He drank every evening and alone. I look forward to my sun downers. For me and for millions of others, drinking has nothing to do with religion.


Let us see what Dr Naik has to say about two more serious subjects: polygamy and hijab (veil).


Muslims and Polygamy

The Quran is the only religious book on the face of this earth that contains the phrase “marry only one,” he asserts. And explains the verse on the subject 
“marry women of your choice, two, three or four; but only fear that ye shall not be able to do justice (with them), then only one”.


And since “ye are never able to be fair and just as between women. Therefore, the verdict is in favour of one wife at a time. “Hindus are more polygamous than Muslims,” writes Dr Naik.


There are more women than men in the world; so what are women who can’t find unmarried men do except become co-wives of married men? Or become “public property?” So goes the learned doctor’s argument.


He does not deign to deal with the situation as it exists today. Every other religion other than Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism now forbids men from having more than one wife at a time.

Muslims are the sole exception though only a miniscule minority, mainly Arabs, have multiple wives.

Apply for a visa to some country like Indonesia and Malaysia and you will have to fill a column naming up to four wives accompanying you. The answer to the problem of women out-numbering men is not polygamy, it is freedom to engage in extra-marital relation or have them staying single. It is better than having a harem.



Muslims and Burka

Dr Naik is in favour of women wearing burqas from head to foot, girls not going to mixed schools or colleges, nor going into professional institutions in which they have to expose their faces etc. This amounts to denying them, equal rights with men.

In my view, shared by all my Muslim friends, burqa is the single most reprehensible cause for keeping Muslims backward (it is synonymous to jehalat — ignorance and backwardness). The sooner it is abolished, the better.

He castigates the western society in no uncertain terms: “Western talk of women’s liberalisation is nothing but a disguised form of exploitation of her body, degradation of her soul and deprivation of her honour.

“Western society claims to have uplifted women. On the contrary, it has actually degraded them to the status of concubines, mistresses, and society butterflies who are mere tools in the hands of pleasure seekers and sex marketers….”

All I can say in reply is “Dr. Naik, you know next to nothing about the Western society and are talking through your skull cap. People like you are making the Muslims lag behind other communities.”

















Saturday, December 2, 2017

CPEC: CROUCHING TIGER, HIDDEN DRAGON

SOURCE:
https://defenceupdate.in/cpec-crouching-tiger-hidden-dragon/
http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/cpec-crouching-tiger-hidden-dragon/505508.html

CPEC: CROUCHING TIGER,                       HIDDEN DRAGON 

                                              By 

     Lt-Gen Bhopinder Singh (Retd)



        [   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9gWGGHicuU  ]






Published on Nov 30,2017

China has emerged as the alternative power-bloc to the US, and questions on the efficacy, impact and real intent behind the Chinese model of global investments, have ensued. Chinese ‘colonialism’ in Africa To allay the fears of a ‘new form of colonialism’ (read, Chinese investments in Africa), global consultancy firm McKinsey had presented a paper called the ‘Dance of the Lions and Dragons’ to suggest that the Chinese investment were indeed, beneficial to the recipient countries. However, credible concerns abound in Africa about the lack of financial transparency involving the ‘Chinese private firms’, the extraction and plunder of Africa’s natural resources, on-site employment opportunities to hordes of Chinese nationals, debilitating paybacks of oil concessions and mining rights in return for Chinese investments and strategic ‘land-securing’ by the Chinese. Unverified figures of about 15 million acres of African land secured by Chinese conglomerates and the opening of the overseas Chinese Naval base in the ultra-strategic Horn of Africa, Djibouti, costing nearly $600 million have fueled further concerns about the Dragon’s ulterior motives. This posits the other infrastructural initiatives of the Chinese juggernaut with potential concerns, eg the brazen Eurasian corridor with the One-Belt-One-Road (OBOR) and the $62 billion China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridor (CPEC), connecting the Gwadar port in the restive Baluchistan with Kashgar, in the Chinese mainland. Pak sees real motives of China in CPEC Like the wary whispers in Africa, the real Chinese motives in CPEC are slowly raising eyebrows in Pakistan amongst the puzzled policymakers, beyond such flowery expressions as “Pakistan-China friendship is higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, sweeter than honey, and stronger than steel”, coined by the Chinese. Recently, the Seventh Joint Cooperation Committee (JCC) was deliberating to finalise the nuts and bolts of the CPEC Long-Term-Plan (LTP), and an oddly disconcerting request by the Chinese to make their currency (Yuan) as the legal tender in the Gwadar port was raised, and expectedly refused by Pakistan. No ‘soft loans’ or jobs for Baluch: Already, the veneer of the Chinese ‘concessions’ and ‘soft loans’ are riling against the debt-burden of $90 billion that Pakistan will end up paying China over the 30 years’ term period. The abundance of Chinese workforce in Gwadar is in stark contrast to the promised employment and prosperity for the local Baluch (even as 19 out of the 39 ‘early harvest’ projects are either completed or in advanced stages). The local Baluch, in any case, nurse a historical animosity against Islamabad for exploiting their natural resources in return for negligible gratification and are saddled with more Pakistani military boots-on-ground to quell their legitimate grouses. Other areas like the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and ‘Azad Kashmir’ are also alluding to deprivation emanating crouching tiger, hidden dragon film series,crouching tiger hidden dragon summary,crouching tiger hidden dragon analysis,crouching tiger hidden dragon 2,crouching tiger hidden dragon netflix,crouching tiger hidden dragon meaning,crouching tiger hidden dragon ending,crouching tiger hidden dragon 2000,xi jinping daughter,india pakistan news,imran khan,cpec map,cpec india,cpec completion date,cpec progress,china pakistan economic corridor map,china pakistan economic corridor and its implications,cpec road map,cpec news,, In india various types of languages are spoken but our national language id Hindi but here are lots of people in south india. north east who can't speak or under stand hindi but they can understand english language so finally we decided to make video in both language so that each and every person can understand and can be informed about defence news on youtube .our videos are related to global defence news . we try to update defence news as soon as possible without any editing but we never say its 100% true but try to get it from verified sources . Jai Hind

Historically, the Dragon is driven by self-interests, even against fair-play norms, as is evident in its dealing with neighbours India, Vietnam etc. But, its ensnaring abilities will come to forefront for Pakistan as more details of CPEC tumble out


THE Chinese have an ‘expansionist’ agenda that manifests itself in the realm of trade and commerce, infrastructural initiatives, diplomacy and military footprint. Having overtaken the US as the world’s largest economy (also the world’s largest polluter), the dragon is now securing the neologism of the ‘Chinese Century’ with aggressive realpolitik, geostrategic investments and crucially, by remaining uninvolved in the global war-on-terror that saps the resources of the West. To fructify the portents of the ‘Chinese Century’, Beijing does not shy away from patronising illiberal regimes (eg Sudan, North Korea or having ‘all-weather friendship’ with Pakistan, with which it has no civilisational, cultural or ideological commonality). The ready generosity of the Dragon’s coffers are ostensibly ‘without strings attached’, as it comes without preachy concerns on issues like human rights, democracy or any other ‘niceties’. China has emerged as the alternative power-bloc to the US, and questions on the efficacy, impact and real intent behind the Chinese model of global investments, have ensued.
Chinese ‘Colonialism’ in Africa
To allay the fears of a ‘new form of colonialism’ (read, Chinese investments in Africa), global consultancy firm McKinsey had presented a paper called the ‘Dance of the Lions and Dragons’ to suggest that the Chinese investment were indeed, beneficial to the recipient countries. However, credible concerns abound in Africa about the lack of financial transparency involving the Chinese private firms’, the extraction and plunder of Africa’s natural resources, on-site employment opportunities to hordes of Chinese nationals, debilitating paybacks of oil concessions and mining rights in return for Chinese investments and strategic ‘land-securing’ by the Chinese. Unverified figures of about 15 million acres of African land secured by Chinese conglomerates and the opening of the overseas Chinese Naval base in the ultra-strategic Horn of Africa, Djibouti, costing nearly $600 million have fueled further concerns about the Dragon’s ulterior motives. This posits the other infrastructural initiatives of the Chinese juggernaut with potential concerns, eg the brazen Eurasian corridor with the One-Belt-One-Road (OBOR) and the $62 billion China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridor (CPEC), connecting the Gwadar port in the restive Baluchistan with Kashgar, in the Chinese mainland.
Pak Sees Real Motives of China in CPEC
Like the wary whispers in Africa, the real Chinese motives in CPEC are slowly raising eyebrows in Pakistan amongst the puzzled policymakers, beyond such flowery expressions as “Pakistan-China friendship is higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, sweeter than honey, and stronger than steel”, coined by the Chinese. 
Recently, the Seventh Joint Cooperation Committee (JCC) was deliberating to finalise the nuts and bolts of the CPEC Long-Term-Plan (LTP), and an oddly disconcerting request by the Chinese to make their currency (Yuan) as the legal tender in the Gwadar port was raised, and expectedly refused by Pakistan.

No ‘soft loans’ or jobs for Baluch: Already, the veneer of the Chinese ‘concessions’ and ‘soft loans’ are riling against the debt-burden of $90 billion that Pakistan will end up paying China over the 30 years’ term period. The abundance of Chinese workforce in Gwadar is in stark contrast to the promised employment and prosperity for the local Baluch (even as 19 out of the 39 ‘early harvest’ projects are either completed or in advanced stages). The local Baluch, in any case, nurse a historical animosity against Islamabad for exploiting their natural resources in return for negligible gratification and are saddled with more Pakistani military boots-on-ground to quell their legitimate grouses. Other areas like the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and ‘Azad Kashmir’ are also alluding to deprivation emanating from CPEC.

Only 9% revenue for Pak: The initial claims of the supposed windfall for Pakistan from the revenue generation from Gwadar port got blunted by the reluctant clarification from the Pakistani authorities that China would get 91 per cent of the Port revenues, and Pakistan only a measly nine per cent for the next 40 years! Expectedly, the unofficial ‘voice’of the Chinese officialdom came through the Chinese publication Global Times that quoted an official clarifying, “common international rules regarding build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects do not require the operator to share any revenue generated from the projects during the investment and operation period with the eventual owner.” Earlier, the Chairman of Pakistan Senate Standing Committee on Planning and Development had warned,
“Another East India Company is in the offing; national interests are not being protected.” 
Recently, lawmakers in the Pakistani Senate expressed concerns in the apparent bias in favour of the Chinese as details about CPEC became public.
For China, its strategic interest primary: The CPEC for China is primarily about finding a life-sustaining corridor alternative to the compulsive vulnerability felt for its shipping lanes (through the ultra-narrow Malacca Straits) that could get potentially ‘choked’ by vested powers in the region. That the CPEC also offers the additional opportunity to create new export markets, utilise Chinese spare capacity, develop Western China or facilitate goodwill and economic transformation for its tactical ally, Pakistan, is secondary to its primary strategic interest that seeks to uninterruptedly fuel the wherewithal for the ‘Chinese Century’. So, if the Chinese focus limitedly on the dual objective of self-maintaining the Gwadar port and on maintaining the singular axis of the narrow Gwadar-Kashgar corridor (for which the Pakistanis have already committed a Division of 15,000 soldiers), ignoring the other inter-linkages in the periphery, arterial projects and other economic ‘zones’ as envisaged as part of the CPEC Master Plan, the economic transformation for the Pakistani economy could get severely limited. As the initial veil surrounding the finer details of the CPEC unfurl, facts seem disturbing for the Pakistanis, who were assured that CPEC would alleviate most of their economic concerns. Historically, the Dragon is driven by blatant and tactical self-interests, even if they militate against the norms of fair-play and respect, as evident in its dealing with India, Bhutan, Taiwan, Vietnam etc. The ensnaring abilities of the hidden Dragon will come to fore for Pakistan, as more details pertaining to the CPEC tumble out.
By Lt-Gen Bhopinder Singh (Retd)



















Friday, December 1, 2017

PROJECT - SARASWATI : Aryan Wars: Controversy over new study claiming they came from the west 4,000 years ago

SOURCE:
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vedic-aryan-race-genetics-dna-europe-indians-europe-caspian/1/1012041.html






               PROJECT -  SARASWATI

Aryan Wars: Controversy over new study claiming they came from the west 4,000 years ago

                               By

                         Razib Khan

July 27, 2017








A historical debate gets political again as new genetics research suggests our Aryan ancestors came in from the west Where did our ancestors come from? This can be a highly emotional, and political issue.
It is clearly an important question for many people and one that modern genetics has answered to a great extent. In recent months, a scientific paper published in the journal BMC Evolutionary Biology has sparked a heated controversy in the Indian media by outlining an 'Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region' into the Indian subcontinent.

Behind the gently arcane scholarly language, the paper argues that the genetic ancestry of all modern Indians displays evidence of significant mixing with populations that moved to the subcontinent from northern Iran and the Caspian region some 4,000-5,000 years ago. Tempers are fraying because these findings have reignited a long-simmering and highly politicised debate about the ancient origins of the Vedic 'Aryans'. For decades, historians, linguists and archaeologists have debated the relationship of the Aryans to India, with little resolution, indeed the argument has been subsumed by its implications for the contemporary battles between the hyper-nationalist politics associated with the Sangh parivar and the secular liberal opposition.
 Many Hindu nationalists are uncomfortable with the idea that the ancient roots of the Indian peoples may lie outside the sacred geography of the subcontinent. Meanwhile, there is often an element of liberal schadenfreude in embracing the narrative that suggests a parallel between the Vedic Aryans as conquering 'invaders', not unlike the later visitations of Islamic and European empires.

Over the last few years, genetics has begun to offer its own findings, which much more definitively indicate that a people, who may have been Aryans, moved into the subcontinent approximately 4,000-5,000 years ago. Soon, the field of ancient DNA research may close the case. The BMC paper that has drawn so much interest and ire is just the latest in a line of research that goes back decades, and grows more precise and insightful with every new technological advance. By looking at patterns of genetic markers in modern humans, geneticists have been able to sketch the family tree of our species. Researchers are also testing genetic material from remains tens of thousands of years old. It has already highlighted the Neanderthal heritage extant today in all humans outside of Africa.

Because genetic science has been driven by US-based researchers, biases have crept into the sort of questions asked. But the democratisation of the field, due to a surfeit of data, is now enabling exploration of more diverse topics, including questions related to the Indian subcontinent.

Eurocentric ideologies have spawned their own counter-theses. While, in 1903, the Indian nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak could write The Arctic Home in the Vedas, in keeping with the migrationist beliefs of the era, today, Indophilic westerners such as Koenraad Elst are promoting an 'Out of India' theory, an inversion of the older route.

These arguments exist outside of politics and nationalism. The author Sanjeev Sanyal contends that "the idea of a unidirectional 'Aryan' invasion or migration around 1500 BC is now conclusively proven to be wrong". As outlined in his book, The Ocean of Churn, Sanyal emphasises the reciprocal movements of peoples. He notes that archaeology does not tie any Indus Valley civilisation site to Central Asia, and the Vedas themselves seem ignorant of geography outside of South Asia.over 4,000 years ago.









Ten years ago, one could reasonably support Sanyal's suppositions from a genetic perspective. The exploration of mitochondrial lineages, the direct maternal ancestry out of Africa, remained the dominant method of inference. That line of evidence strongly suggests that South Asian populations are deeply rooted in the subcontinent.

Other researchers were looking at the descent of males, the direct paternal lineage as recorded by mutations of the Y chromosome. The evidence from these results was more equivocal. One of the more common South Asian Y lineages, R1a1a, is also very common in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The discoverer of this lineage, the geneticist Spencer Wells, says that his work "in the late 1990s strongly supported a significant migration from the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia into India in the past 5,000 years". Wells connected this to Indo-European speaking nomads, and believes the latest results have borne that out. Obviously, this is in conflict with the mitochondrial results. Because R1a1a is not very diverse, it was difficult to get a sense of where or when it may have originated. Many researchers, contra Wells, contended that R1a1a may have been indigenous to South Asia.

Today, we know more about R1a1a than we did in the 2000s. Whereas then researchers looked at a few hundred markers on the Y chromosome, or perhaps some regions with very high diversity, today they can sequence most of the Y chromosome.

In line with Wells' original suspicion, after looking at whole genomes, many scholars now surmise that R1a1a entered South Asia within the last 4,000-5,000 years from the Eurasian steppe. The reason R1a1a is not diverse is that it underwent a massive, recent expansion; not much time has elapsed for mutations to accumulate. With whole genome analysis, one can see that East European R1a1a is one lineage, while Central Asian and South Asian R1a1a strains form another. Martin Richards, co-author of the paper in BMC, explains, "This high resolution allows for both very detailed genealogical information and quite precise genetic dating, so we can see where and when lineages branch off into a new territory."




"There is a very marked sex bias in the arrival [in India] of new peoples from the steppe zone during the bronze age"
Martin Richards, Archaeogenetics professor
Ancient DNA has also shed light on the relationship of the various branches of R1a1a. Extinct Central Asian steppe pastoralists, the Scythians, and their geographic kin, the Srubna people, who dwelt north of the Caspian Sea 3,750 years ago, also carry this Y lineage. It is notable that the R1a1a lineages of Scythians and Srubna are the same as Central Asians and South Asians, not Europeans.



A resolution to the paradox of mtDNA and Y chromosomal lineages pointing in different directions has now presented itself. The answer: migration into India was not sex balanced. This is a major point in the BMC paper. Richards states, "There's a very marked sex bias in the arrival of new peoples from, ultimately, the steppe zone of eastern Europe, in the Bronze Age." (This is the case in Europe too, with steppe migrants overwhelmingly male.)
Our understanding today does not rest on Y chromosome and mtDNA alone. With whole genomes available for analysis, scientists have reshaped our understanding of the past of South Asia. In 2013, geneticist Priya Moorjani and colleagues published research concluding that at least two very distinct populations were mixing in the Indian subcontinent 2,000-4,000 years ago. Moorjani says that "4,000 years ago, there were unmixed ANI and ASI groups in the Indian subcontinent".

"Some 4,000 years ago, there were unmixed 'ANI' and 'ASI' groups in the subcontinent... the direction of migration leading to ani was probably into India"
Priya Moorjani, Geneticist

ANI and ASI are acronyms for Ancestral North Indians and Ancestral South Indians. The former population was genetically very similar to Near Easterners and Europeans. One of the original researchers who developed this model of Indian origins, Nick Patterson, characterises the genetic distance between ANI and European populations as so small that if you did not know of the provenance you might say it was a European population. The ASI, in contrast, do not have any close relatives. Rather, they were distant relatives of indigenous Andaman islanders. Moorjani reiterates that though there were unmixed populations representative of these groups in the relatively recent past, today all native South Asian groups display ancestry from both.
In Moorjani's 2013 paper, she estimated that Dalits from Tamil Nadu are 40 per cent ANI (the remainder presumably being ASI). Pathans are 70 per cent ANI. Kashmiri Pandits are 65 per cent ANI, while Brahmins and Kshatriyas from Uttar Pradesh are 55-60 per cent ANI. When it comes to the mix of ANI and ASI, there are two rules of thumb one needs to consider. The further northwest you go, the more ANI you will get. Upper castes have more ANI ancestry as well (Bengalis and Munda tribes have East Asian heritage that is neither ANI nor ASI). This is exactly the pattern you would expect from Y chromosomal lineages such as R1a1a, which many geneticists posit have arrived from Central Asia in the last 4,000-5,000 years.

Indian observers of historical population genetics have noted these findings and integrated them into their own understanding. Sanyal says he believes
"Indians are the mix of several genetic streams, particularly the ANI and ASI who have been living in the Indian subcontinent from the Stone Age".
Moorjani states that her "study did not specifically look into the direction of migration". But, she also admits that "the direction of migration leading to ANI is probably into India".




Why would Moorjani state this?

First, let us take a step back and address two points of the Out of India framework. As Sanyal observed, the archaeological connections between South Asia and Central Asia are tenuous. The Aryans do not seem to recollect a time before India. But the past 10 years of discoveries of ancient DNA have shown us there were mass migrations where archaeologists suspected none. The physical record is incomplete, and it may be difficult to connect with the broader patterns of history. But part of it is that some populations, such as nomads, likely do not leave much of an archaeological footprint. As for the argument based on Indian religious and oral history, it must be observed that the Greeks also do not have any memory before Greece, and yet they are just as antique an Indo-European people. The argument about cultural memory alone cannot be trusted to adjudicate on this matter.

Which brings us to what could ultimately resolve uncertainties: 
ancient DNA. The testing of samples from the Near East and Europe over the period between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago has shown that a few pulses of migration mixed together to create the predominant genetic patterns we see around us today. We do have a reasonable sampling of ancient individuals from the Near East, Central Asia and Europe, and what we see are massive population changes over the past 10,000 years.
 Should we expect India to be any different?

For the purposes of an understanding of the South Asian genetic landscape, two ancient populations from Western Eurasia share strong affinities with people from the subcontinent. First, the earliest farmers of Western Iran, in the Zagros, whose heritage is now found all across Eurasia, evince high affinities with many Indian populations. Second, Copper Age pastoralists of the Yamna culture of the Pontic steppe, who flourished 4,000 to 5,500 years ago, also exhibit a strong affinity to South Asians, in particular populations from the northwest and upper caste groups such as Brahmins.

Researchers in David Reich's lab at Harvard have tested what possible groups could be combined to create the ANI element in South Asians. After exhaustive comparisons, they find ANI is best modelled as a combination of the Pontic pastoralists and early Neolithic Iranian farmers!

In The Ocean of Churn, the thesis is presented that ideas and people move in a bidirectional fashion. Indian religious and philosophical ideas did impact the West through Pythagoras and Plato. Conversely, many Indian alphabets quite likely have their origins in the Near East, while Christianity and Islam have both taken root in the subcontinent.
So too with genes. South Asian genetic markers are found in Southeast Asia, from Thailand to Bali. Conversely, Bengalis, Assamese and Munda peoples show their Southeast Asian heritage on their faces, their genes, and in the case of the Munda, their languages. But this idea of ubiquitous gene flow has limitations.
The distinctive genetic heritage of India, the ASI component, deeply rooted in the subcontinent and not closely related to populations elsewhere, exists in low proportions in Iran and Afghanistan. But with the exception of the Roma people, ASI ancestry is notably absent throughout Western Eurasia aside from India's near neighbours. This suggests there has been very little westward movement out of India over the past few thousand years because, as Moorjani observed, all Indian populations have ASI ancestry within the past 4,000 years.


"The genetic imprint of this migration (into India) is minimal... there were groups living in India in the bronze age with similar ancestry"
Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Geneticist


Many geneticists now believe a major migration of people from Central Eurasia and West Asia into South Asia during the Neolithic and Copper age is the simplest and most parsimonious model to explain the data we have. The Out of India model is not theoretically impossible, but it strikes many as far-fetched and a stretch to explain the pattern of the accumulated data.

To move beyond probabilities, we need to make recourse to what has rescued us in the past: ancient DNA. 
Unfortunately, there is currently no ancient DNA data from South Asia proper. Even now, researchers are trying to get genetic results from samples at Rakhigarhi in Haryana dating to the Harappan period. Supposition can quickly be replaced with certitude when we sample these individuals. India Today learns that results of the Rakhigarhi samples will be announced in early September this year. Dr Vasant Shinde, an archaeologist at Deccan College, Pune, which conducted this project in collaboration with geneticists from Seoul National University, is understandably reluctant to offer any pointers as to what the Rakhigarhi samples suggest. "It's very politically sensitive," he says. But given the fact that the graves from which DNA was extracted were dated to somewhere between "2300 and 2500 BC", the same period in which Martin Richards and his colleagues suggest a pulse of migration from the Pontic-Caspian region into India, it must remain a possibility that Rakhigarhi will yield 
R1a1a DNA and not settle the debate.


And yet this is just one site. There are hundreds of samples for Europe and the Near East, and from those hundreds we have gleaned startling results. At some point, there will be hundreds of samples from South Asia, and there is no doubt we will glean some fascinating results.

The tide in historical population genetics has turned towards migration, but some still hold to the model of continuity dominant in the 2000s. Gyaneshwer Chaubey has been publishing and researching human genetics for over 10 years, with a substantial contribution in the area of Indian population history. He is not persuaded by the hypothesis of a mass Aryan migration. Rather, he observes that published research has shown that "the genetic imprint of this migration (if we want to maintain any) is minimal".

Without ancient DNA, we can only perceive broad coarse outlines from the variation of living human beings; fragments of the past, rearranged and reconstructed using statistical frameworks and data from people alive today. Our conjectures have assumptions. Chaubey does not deny the data showing Neolithic Iranian farmers and Copper Age Pontic pastoralists having genetic similarities to modern Indians. He argues for an equal probability that groups that "lived in India in the Bronze Age or in Neolithic time having quite similar ancestry as the Steppe belt populations or Neolithic Iranians?" By reframing assumptions, he also disagrees with the revision in regard to the history of R1a1a. He admits that R1a1a was the primary reason he took himself off the BMC paper. Though unconvincing to many, Chaubey's rationale does have a basis in theory and data. The disagreement is on the matter of probabilities. This is not uncommon in statistical genetics. Ancient DNA should resolve many of these disputes rather soon, but this issue is overly politicised.

We do know some things. Geneticists have confirmed divergences of caste and region in the genomes of Indians. A great deal of mixing seems to have occurred over the past 4,000 years. Before that period, much of the subcontinent was inhabited by people genetically very different from those alive today. By coincidence, or perhaps not, the extremely common R1a1a paternal lineage, which binds many Indian men to Europeans and Central Asians, begins to expand rapidly just as the last major mixing event in South Asia between ANI and ASI lineages occurred.

Prominent population genetics laboratories that have reshaped our understanding of the history of Europe and the Near East through ancient DNA studies are now looking to India. It won't be long before new tools are brought to bear on old contentious questions. One can no longer say that the thesis that Indo-Aryans arrived in the subcontinent in large numbers is refuted. Connections to ancient groups outside of the subcontinent seem highly likely, and many prominent geneticists are now promoting a viewpoint predicated on migration and population turnover, which seems to have been the norm in Europe and the Near East.

Yet there remain credible scientists at prominent institutions who are sceptical of the new models. While a new consensus may be emerging, it has not crystallised. Genetics can speak in broad strokes with errors of the order of a thousand years here or there, and each new discovery refines details of the broader picture. We are in a time of significant transition and great intellectual ferment. That ferment extends to politics. Just as the original Aryan invasion model was promoted on a political basis, so are Out of India theories given political validity. But the reality is that these models of human history are either true, or they are not. Whether or not they were discernible, the facts have always been with us. It is our political interpretation of them that seems to change. Humans are protean, but nature is timeless.

We see through a glass darkly. In a few years, it may be crystal clear that a new people arrived in the Indian subcontinent 4,000 years ago. That now seems to be the belief among the majority of prominent researchers. A century of theorising and ideologising has armed us with answers and objections, but history as unveiled by genetics may hold some bracing surprises for our rigid grandiose pretensions. That may be the most exciting aspect of these lines of research, not how they align with century-old arguments.

Razib Khan is a geneticist with an interest in population histories and personal genomics. He works at Insitome and is a Ph.D candidate at UC Davis. He writes the blog 
'Gene Expression'.


RELATED