NUKES ::Hydrogen Bombs versus Atomic bombs, explained

SOURCE::http://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/1/6/10723918/whats-a-hydrogen-bomb

Video

The below video is a compilation of

 different nuclear tests.

Source: http://theydiffer.com/difference-between-atomic-bomb-and-hydrogen-bomb/

     (  SOURCE : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_o65B1JTiw )

Hydrogen Bombs versus Atomic Bombs, explained

                                  by

                         Brian Resnick

January 6, 2016

Nuclear bombs are of two types — those that depend on fission, like atomic bombs, and those that depend on fusion, like hydrogen bombs. The former get their explosive energy from the splitting of atoms in materials like uranium or plutonium, which takes place automatically. On the other hand, hydrogen bombs, which are also known as thermonuclear bombs, depend upon the fusing together of atoms, as is taking place in our sun, to release much vaster quantities of energy than atomic bombs. The fusing requires very high temperatures, hence atomic bombs are generally used as triggers for hydrogen bombs. Hence, every atomic bomb is a nuclear bomb, but every nuclear bomb is not an atomic bomb.

        //// The Largest Nuclear Bomb ////

                           Tsar Bomba

Published on Mar 27, 2014

Documentary: TSAR Bomb and Thermonuclear Warhead - - The largest nuclear bomb ever tested.. October 30, 1961... The Tsar Bomb.. Soviet era 50 megaton = 50 millions tons of TNT. Total destruction - 15 mile radius.. 3rd degree burns - 64 mile radius .. visible 600 miles away. Original design was to be 100 megaton - - "According to the Center for Defense Information, there are approximately 30,000 intact nuclear warheads worldwide.. All but about 200 are retained by the United States and Russia"

Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images

North Korea's government claims it has successfully conducted a test of a hydrogen bomb. For now experts are very skeptical of that claim. They agree that North Korea likely tested some sort of atomic weapon on Tuesday, but it remains to be seen what type.

This question matters greatly. North Korea already has atomic bombs, similar to the ones used in World War II. But hydrogen bombs can be thousands of times more powerful — they're the most terrifyingly destructive inventions humans have ever assembled. A short overview of the difference is below.

The difference between an atomic bomb and a hydrogen bomb

Atomic bombs — like the two the United States used against Japan in World War II — rely on a process known as nuclear fission.

Isotopes like uranium-235 and plutonium-239 easily undergo fission — when a neutron hits their nucleus, the nucleus splits, releasing more neutrons and a tremendous amount of energy.

And when you have a large critical mass of uranium-235 or plutonium-239, all that splitting and neutron creation leads to a runaway chain reaction. Each time an atom is split apart, it releases more neutrons and energy, which split apart other atoms and release even more energy:

Wikimedia

To create an atomic bomb, engineers typically design explosives that can force togetherpieces of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 into a critical mass. Once that happens, boom.

These bombs are incredibly powerful: The two dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki completely leveled those cities, exploding with forces of 15,000 and 20,000 tons of TNT, respectively. The most powerful fission bombs ever built can produce explosions equal to 500,000 tons of TNT.

But they're not the biggest bombs out there. Hydrogen bombs are thousands of times more powerful than their atomic predecessors. The first hydrogen bomb the United States ever tested in the Marshall Islands in 1952, called Ivy Mike, had the force of 10million tons of TNT (or 10 megatons).

The most powerful hydrogen bomb ever — a Russian nuke called Tsar Bomba, literally "king of bombs" — had a yield of 50 megatons of TNT. A blast from Tsar Bomba could cause radiation burns as far as 62 miles away. Windows more than 500 miles awayshattered during the Tsar Bomba test.

Hydrogen bombs combine both nuclear fission and a different process known as nuclear fusion to produce a far, far more powerful blast.

How a hydrogen bomb works

The first stage of a hydrogen bomb involves a fission explosion, as described above. That explosion, in turn, leads to a second stage — fusion.

The extreme heat and pressure from the initial atomic blast force together deuteriumand tritium (two light gases made of hydrogen). When they are forced together, some of the hydrogen atoms fuse to one another, creating helium.

This process of fusion releases even more energy per unit of mass than fission does, and the energy released from the fusion reaction also feeds back into the fission reaction, increasing its output. This all happens nearly instantaneously.

This diagram shows a very simplified design of a hydrogen bomb.

Wikimedia

Science historian Alex Wellerstein has created an online tool for comparing the impact of the different types of nuclear weapons.

For the sake of a demonstration, let's drop "Little Boy," the bomb used in Hiroshima, on Lower Manhattan. This is the resulting blast radius.

via nuclearsecrecy.com

Now let's look at a hydrogen bomb. This is the blast radius of Ivy Mike — the first (but not the most powerful) hydrogen bomb ever tested:

via nuclearsecrecy.com

The first is a catastrophe. The second is so horrifying it's unimaginable.

How to tell if North Korea tested a hydrogen bomb

Right now, experts seem skeptical that North Korea has actually produced a working hydrogen bomb, which is a much harder technological feat to pull off.

The blast recorded in North Korea on Tuesday was of a similar magnitude as the country's last nuclear test in 2013, which suggests the North Koreans have not upped their nuclear capabilities with a more powerful weapon. (Or perhaps they tested a hydrogen bomb design and the second fusion phase failed.) As the Korea Herald reports, North Korea has yet to produce a bomb that even matches the power of the two bombs dropped on Japan in World War II (as best we know).

But ultimately, we may not know for sure for days or weeks what North Korea tested. Scientists will have to examine the radioisotopes released into the atmosphere from the blast, to see whether those match the profile of an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb.

The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization — CTBTO for short — maintains a worldwide network to detect nuclear explosions whether they occur underground, in the air, or underwater. The process is described below:

  ( Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDyU6nsUJqA ) 

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IAF PROCUREMENT : RAFALE -:Why India's Deal For 36 Rafale Fighter Jets Is Still Being Negotiated

SOURCE :
http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/national/why-indias-deal-for-36-rafale-fighter-jets-is-still-being-negotiated/ar-BBobGh1

Why India's Deal For 36 Rafale Fighter Jets Is Still Being Negotiated

With just days to go before French President Francois Hollande arrives in India, a crucial deal for Delhi to buy 36 French-built Rafale warplanes has not yet been decided.

Speaking to Reuters today, the French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said that the deal remains evasive, underscoring the considerable differences between negotiators for both sides, nearly nine months after Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Paris and announced the plans to buy the fighter jets directly from the French government following the collapse of a larger commercial deal with Dassault Aviation.

NDTV has learned that the all-in price is likely to be in the range of 65,000 crores or nearly $10 billion, which includes the cost of 36 fighter jets in fly-away condition, weapon systems, and a support maintenance package. India still needs to decide whether it will immediately fund a large order of all spare parts that the aircraft will need for a period of either five or ten years. Both sides are also in talks on the financial penalties the French manufacturer of the jet would incur for unsatisfactory performance - that is, if the Rafale is not available at least 90 per cent of the time that it is required to fly a sortie.

This is a key concern for the Indian Air Force since its frontline Russian-designed Sukhoi 30 MKI jet has an abysmal availability rate of under 60 per cent, which means the air force doesn't have enough Sukhois operational when it needs them. India has also still not finalized the total number and exact type of weapon systems that would come with the Rafale - a key component of the overall cost of the package.

© Provided by NDTV 24x7President Hollande arrives will be in India from January 25 to 27 (he lands in Chandigarh and will be the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade).

New rules in India state that defence deals over 300 crores must be accompanied by investing 30 per cent of the value of the contract in manufacturing in India. France has reportedly agreed in principle to that stipulation "in the future", a move that has helped both sides side-step this potentially contentious requirement for the moment.   

Indian military officials have warned their air force risks a major capability gap with China and Pakistan without new western warplanes, or if local defence contractors cannot produce what the military needs in a timely manner. In October, the government turned down the military's request to expand the acquisition of 36 Dassault-built fighter planes to plug vital gaps, nudging it to accept an indigenous combat plane.

© Provided by NDTV 24x7

Cockpit of the Dassault Rafale fighter

It could take more than a year for India to actually start acquiring the Rafale jets once the contract is signed since manufacturer Dassault is already constructing the state-of-the-art fighter for the French Air Force and Egypt and Qatar which have recently signed contracts to acquire the planes. However, France has reportedly offered to help India, a strategic partner, acquire the jets as early as possible though it is unclear whether that would mean the French Air Force deferring acquisition of its own Rafale fighters or, alternately, loaning India a handful of fighters it already has in service till Dassault is ready to deliver the Rafales ordered by Delhi.

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1/47 SLIDES © Getty Images

Surrounded by hostile neighbours, India has fought numerous wars to protect its sovereignty and as deterrent to any future hostility, it has one of most well-armed, trained and disciplined military force in the world. We take a look at the men and the weapons of the Indian armed forces.

Picture: Indian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter aircraft patrol the skies over the Himalayas.