Vasundhra: SER 01A OF X SERIALS : MUHAMMAD IN ISLAM (continued)

SOURCE:

(A) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam

INDEX

SER 06 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/understanding-complexity-of-j-i-h-d.html

SER 5 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/justification-for-violence-in-islam.htm

SER 04 A OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/islam-and-violence-r.html

SER 04 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/ser-04-of-x-serials-islam-and-violence.html

SER 03 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/spread-of-islam-r.html

SER 02 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/history-of-arabia-r.html

SER 01A OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/muhammad-in-islam-continued.html

SER 01 OF X SERIALS
https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/muhammad-in-islam.html

...... continued......from

https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/02/muhammad-in-islam.html

Muhammad in Islam

Life of Muhammad

Citations

^ Al-Haqqani, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil; Kabbani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham (2002). Muhammad, the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy. ISCA. p. x. ISBN 978-1-930409-11-8. [Allah sent his message] through many prophets, including Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and our master Muhammad. [...]
^ John L. Esposito (2009). "Islam. Overview". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b F.E. Peters (2009). "Allāh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. the Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.'
^ Jump up to:^a ^b "Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group". Pew Research Centre. April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
^ According to Oxford Dictionaries, "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used."
^ "The Global Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012.
^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). "Allah". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
^ İbrahim Özdemir (2014). "Environment". In Ibrahim Kalin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001. ISBN 9780199812578. When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān's response was to direct their gaze at nature's complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment [...] The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator.
^ Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, according to Islamic tradition.
^ "People of the Book". Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
^ Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality. Leiden: Brill. p. 177. ISBN 9-0041-2726-7.
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^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 125–258
^ Jump up to:^a ^b

"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."

"Sunni". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Retrieved December 20,2012. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

"Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population...
^ Jump up to:^a ^b See

"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2013-09-24. The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.

"Shia". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the originalon December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 5,2011. Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide...

"Religions". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide...
^ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9780415448512.
^ Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
^ "Middle East-North Africa Overview". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ "Region: Middle East-North Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
^ "Region: Sub-Saharan Africa". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
^ Rowland, Richard H. "CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography". Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 161–164. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
^ "Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
^ "The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus". Eurasianet. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
^ Yusuf, Imtiyaz. "The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring". Oxford Islamic Studies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
^ "India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend". @businessline.
^ "Muslim Population by Country". The Future of the Global Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
^ "Islam in Russia". www.aljazeera.com.
^ "Main Factors Driving Population Growth". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
^ Burke, Daniel (April 4, 2015). "The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." CNN. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Lippman, Thomas W. (2008-04-07). "No God But God". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.
^ Editors, History com. "Islam". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ Dictionary listing for Siin roots derived from Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon via www.studyquran.co.uk
^ Lewis, Barnard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2009). Islam: The Religion and The People. Wharton School Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9780132230858.
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^ Editors, History com. "Islam". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
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Quran 6:125, Quran 61:7, Quran 39:22

Gardet, L.; Jomier, J. "Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. p. 4. Islam literally means "submission (to God)"² Muslim, the word for an adherent of Islam, is the active participle of the same verb of which Islām is the infinitive (see Islam (term)^3,4
^ Quran 5:3, Quran 3:19, Quran 3:83
^

Quran 9:74, Quran 49:14

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^ "Buddhism: Buddhism at a glance". BBC – Religions.
^ Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English (ISBN 0231069898), p. 291: Muhammadan and Mohammedan are based on the name of the prophet Mohammed, and both are considered offensive.
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Quran 112:1–4

Esposito (2002b, pp. 74–76)

Esposito (2004, p. 22)

Griffith & Savage (2006, p. 248)

D. Gimaret. "Allah, Tawhid". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
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^ Turfe, Tallal Alie (1985). Islamic Unity and Happiness. TTQ, Inc. p. 37. ISBN 9780940368477.
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^ Bentley, David (1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book. William Carey Library. ISBN 978-0-87808-299-5.
^

Quran 2:117

"Islām". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
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"Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence". Patheos.com. Retrieved 2011-01-29.

Quran 51:56
^ David Leeming The Oxford Companion to World Mythology Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-195-15669-0 p. 209
^

"Islām". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-08-25.

Quran 2:186
^ Quran 50:16
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^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 79
^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 29
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Quran 35:1

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Esposito (1998, pp. 6, 12)

Esposito (2002b, pp. 4–5)

Peters (2003, p. 9)

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Quran 2:177

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Quran 2:184

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International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 203

Quran 4:29
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Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289

International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya p. 202

Islamic Capital Markets: Theory and PracticeBy Noureddine Krichene p. 119
^

Abu Daud Hadith 2015

Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154

The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment By Zamir Iqbal, Abbas Mirakhor, Noureddine Krichenne, Hossein Askari p. 75
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^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050, Pew Research Center
^ Onishi, Norimitsu (2001-11-01). "Rising Muslim power causes unrest in Nigeria and elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ "Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa". wwrn.org. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
^ Carl Bialik (9 April 2008). "Muslims May Have Overtaken Catholics a While Ago". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ "Islām". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ "Islam Today". Islam: Empire of Faith (2000). PBS. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's third fastest growing religion.
^ "Understanding Islam". Susan Headden. U.S. News & World Report. April 7, 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
^ "Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
^ Coeli Fitzpatrick Ph.D., Adam Hani Walker Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes] ABC-CLIO, 25.04.2014 ISBN 9781610691789 p. 106–107
^

Esposito (2003, pp. 275,306)

"Shariah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

"Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Hadi Enayat Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies Springer, 30.06.2017 ISBN 9783319526119 p.48
^ Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power Springer, 2018 ISBN 9783319973555 p. 108
^ Marlène Laruelle Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities BRILL, 11.01.2018 ISBN 9789004357242 p. 21
^ Ed. Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 1999 ISBN 9780195107999 p. 280
^ Richard Gauvain Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God Routledge 2013 ISBN 9780710313560 page 8
^ Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 9780195125580.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Svante E. Cornell Azerbaijan Since Independence M.E. Sharpe 9780765630049 p. 283
^ Robert W. Hefner Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World Indiana University Press 2011 ISBN 9780253223104 p. 170
^ Robert W. Hefner Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World Indiana University Press 2011 ISBN 9780253223104 p. 171
^ Bayram Balci Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus Since the Fall of the Soviet UnionOxford University Press 2018 ISBN 9780190050191 p. 53
^ The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, pp. 37–38
^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p. 243.
^ "Ayatollah Khamenei's fatwa: Insulting the Mother of the Faithful Aisha is prohibited". Khamenei.ir. 11 June 2016. Retrieved 21 January2019.
^ "Shiite leaders forbid insults against Sunnis". Al-monitor. 2014-07-11. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
^

Kramer (1987), Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism pp. 237–254

Shia branches Archived 2004-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Who Are the Ahmadi?". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
^

Breach of Faith. Human Rights Watch. June 2005. p. 8. Retrieved March 29, 2014. Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate

Larry DeVries; Don Baker; Dan Overmyer (2011-01-01). Asian Religions in British Columbia. University of Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1662-5. Retrieved March 29,2014. The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world

Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. Retrieved March 29, 2014. The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million

"Ahmadiyya Muslims". pbs.org. Retrieved 6 October 2013.

A figure of 10-20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also Ahmadiyya by country.
^ Esposito, John L. (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8.
^ Dhume, Sadanand (2017-12-01). "Pakistan Persecutes a Muslim Minority". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "BEKTĀŠĪYA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org.
^ Jorgen S Nielsen Muslim Political Participation in Europe Edinburgh University Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-748-67753-5 page 255
^ Robert Brenton Betts (2013-07-31). The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781612345222. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
^ Benakis, Theodoros (13 January 2014). "Islamophoobia in Europe!". New Europe. Brussels. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015. Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.
^ Kirkham, Bri (2015). "Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015. Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center.
^ Pollack, Kenneth (2014). Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy. p. 29. ISBN 9781476733937. Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims
^ Cughtai, Muhammad Ikram (2005). Jamāl Al-Dīn Al-Afghāni: An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence. p. 454. Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders, al- Afghani revised to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam.
^ Jones, Justin (201). Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism. pp. 25–26. ISBN 9781139501231.
^ Ahmed, Khaled. "Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^ Burns, Robert (2011). Christianity, Islam, and the West. p. 55. ISBN 9780761855606. 40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations
^ Tatari, Eren (2014). Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets. p. 111. ISBN 9789004272262. Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi
^ Lopez, Ralph (2008). Truth in the Age of Bushism. p. 65. ISBN 9781434896155. Many Iraqis take offense at reporters' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite. A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as "just Muslim."
^ House of Justice, Universal. "One Common Faith". reference.bahai.org. Retrieved 1 April2017.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Miller (2009)
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^ Whaling, Frank (1987). Religion in today's world: the religious situation of the world from 1945 to the present day. T & T Clark. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-567-09452-0.
^ "Islam: An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2010-05-16.(subscription required)
^ "Secrets of Islam". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2013-09-24. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).
^ Miller (2009, pp. 15,17)
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^ "Muslim Media Network". Muslim Media Network. 2008-03-24. Archived from the originalon 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
^ Secrets of Islam, U.S. News & World Report. Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University.
^

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"Islamic World". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

"Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-01-09.

"Muslims in Europe: Country guide". BBC News. 2005-12-23. Retrieved 2013-09-24.

"Religion in Britain" (PDF). National Statistics. Office for National Statistics. 2003-02-13. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
^ The Mosque in America: A National Portrait Archived 2010-06-17 at the Wayback MachineCouncil on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR). April 26, 2001. Retrieved on 2010-08-01.
^ "site". BBC News. 2005-12-23. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
^ "'Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth". nytimes.com. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
^ Esposito (2010, p. 56)
^ "Islam", The New Encyclopædia Britannica(2005)
^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1997). Elizabeth Allo Isichei, A history of African societies to 1870, p. 175. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
^ Richard Ettinghausen; Oleg Grabar; Marilyn Jenkins-Madina (2003). Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-300-08869-8.
^ Salim Ayduz; Ibrahim Kalin; Caner Dagli (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812578. Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (tawhid) and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.
^ Patheos Library – Islam Sacred Time – Patheos.com
^ Ghamidi (2001): Customs and Behavioral Laws Archived 2013-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ "St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam". Writings by St John of Damascus. The Fathers of the Church. 37. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. 1958. pp. 153–160. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
^ Erwin Fahlbusch (1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 2. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 759. ISBN 9789004116955.
^ Warraq, Ibn (2003). Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out. Prometheus Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-59102-068-4.
^ Kammuna, Ibn (1971). Examination of the Three Faiths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Moshe Perlmann. pp. 148–149.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Oussani, Gabriel. "Mohammed and Mohammedanism". Newadvent.org. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 16, 2006.
^ Bible in Mohammedian Literature., by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald, Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 22, 2006.
^ Minou Reeves, P. J. Stewart Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making NYU Press, 2003 ISBN 9780814775646 p. 93–96
^ Jump up to:^a ^b G. Stone Dante’s Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion Springer, 12.05.2006 ISBN 9781403983091 p. 132
^ "Islam and the Patterns in Terrorism and Violent Extremism". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
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^ "Saudi Arabia – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2005". 2012-01-13.
^ Timothy Garton Ash (2006-10-05). "Islam in Europe". The New York Review of Books.
^ Modood, Tariq (April 6, 2006). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-415-35515-5.
^ Warraq, Ibn (2000). The Quest for Historical Muhammad (1st ed.). Amherst, MA: Prometheus Books. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-57392-787-1.

Books and journals

Accad, Martin (2003). "The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: An Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I)". Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. 14 (1): 67–91. doi:10.1080/09596410305261.
Ahmed, Akbar (1999). Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World (2.00 ed.). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9.
Bennett, Clinton (2010). Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8264-9944-8.
Brockopp, Jonathan E. (2003). Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia. University of South Carolina press. ISBN 978-1-57003-471-8.
Cohen-Mor, Dalya (2001). A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513398-1.
Curtis, Patricia A. (2005). A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations. Blackwell Publishing Professional. ISBN 978-0-8138-1946-4.
Esposito, John (2010). Islam: The Straight Path (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539600-3.
Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
Esposito, John; Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (2000a). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513526-8.
Esposito, John (2000b). Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510799-9.
Esposito, John (2002a). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516886-0.
Esposito, John (2002b). What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.
Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
Esposito, John (2004). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd Rev Upd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518266-8.
Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-8120-1853-0.
Farah, Caesar (2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (7th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-2226-2.
Firestone, Reuven (1999). Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512580-1.
Ghamidi, Javed (2001). Mizan. Dar al-Ishraq. OCLC 52901690.
Goldschmidt, Jr., Arthur; Davidson, Lawrence (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (8th ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4275-7.
Griffith, Ruth Marie; Savage, Barbara Dianne (2006). Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8370-5.
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (2002). Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens. Oxford University Press.
Hawting, G.R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24073-4.
Hedayetullah, Muhammad (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55369-842-5.
Hofmann, Murad (2007). Islam and Qur'an. ISBN 978-1-59008-047-4.
Holt, P.M; Lewis, Bernard (1977). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29136-1.
Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S; Lewis, Bernard (1977). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2003). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press; Revised edition. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32472-7.
Kramer, Martin (1987). Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0453-3.
Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0462-2.
Lewis, Bernard (1993). The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285258-8.
Lewis, Bernard (1997). The Middle East. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-83280-7.
Lewis, Bernard (2001). Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East (2nd ed.). Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9518-2.
Lewis, Bernard (2003). What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (Reprint ed.). Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-051605-5.
Lewis, Bernard (2004). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Random House, Inc., New York. ISBN 978-0-8129-6785-2.
Madelung, Wilferd (1996). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
Malik, Jamal; Hinnells, John R (2006). Sufism in the West. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27408-1.
Menski, Werner F. (2006). Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85859-5.
Miller, Tracy, ed. (2009). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2013-09-24.
Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
Nasr, Seyed Muhammad (1994). Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-067700-8.
Nigosian, Solomon Alexander (2004). Islam: its history, teaching, and practices. Indiana University Press.
Patton, Walter M. (1900). The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 16. p. 129. doi:10.1086/369367. ISBN 978-90-04-10314-6.
Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
Rahman, H.U. (1999). Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE(3rd ed.). Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd.
Rippin, Andrew (2001). Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21781-1.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-511915-2.
Siljander, Mark D. and John David Mann. A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide. First ed. New York: Harper One, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143828-8
Smith, Jane I. (2006). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515649-2.
Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.
Teece, Geoff (2003). Religion in Focus: Islam. Franklin Watts Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7496-4796-4.
Trimingham, John Spencer (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512058-5.
Turner, Colin (2006). Islam: the Basics. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-34106-6.
Turner, Bryan S. (1998). Weber and Islam. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-17458-9.
Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53906-7.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1973). The Formative Period of Islamic Thought. University Press Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-85224-245-2.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman(New ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0.
Weiss, Bernard G. (2002). Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Boston: Brill Academic publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12066-2.

Encyclopedias

William H. McNeill; Jerry H. Bentley; David Christian, eds. (2005). "Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History". Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Berkshire Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-9743091-0-1.
Gabriel Oussani, ed. (1910). Catholic Encyclopedia. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Paul Lagasse; Lora Goldman; Archie Hobson; Susan R. Norton, eds. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Gale Group. ISBN 978-1-59339-236-9. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Ahmad, Imad-ad-Dean (2008). "Islam". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 256–258. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n155. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Erwin Fahlbusch; William Geoffrey Bromiley, eds. (2001). "The Encyclopedia of Christianity". Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill. ISBN 978-0-8028-2414-1.
John Bowden, ed. (2005). "Encyclopedia of Christianity". Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522393-4.
Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Richard C. Martin; Said Amir Arjomand; Marcia Hermansen; Abdulkader Tayob; Rochelle Davis; John Obert Voll, eds. (2003). "Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World". Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN 978-0-02-865603-8.
Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online. Brill Academic Publishers. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Salamone Frank, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8 https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Glasse Cyril, ed. (2003). "The New Encyclopedia of Islam". New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0759101906.

Further reading

Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. N.B. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. ISBN 0-87123-553-6
Akyol, Mustafa (2011). Islam Without Extremes (1st ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07086-6.
Arberry, A.J. (1996). The Koran Interpreted: A Translation (1st ed.). Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-82507-6.
Cragg, Kenneth (1975). The House of Islam, in The Religious Life of Man Series. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. xiii, 145 p. ISBN 0-8221-0139-4.
Hourani, Albert (1991). Islam in European Thought. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. ISBN 0-521-42120-9; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0.
Khan, Muhammad Muhsin; Al-Hilali Khan; Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din (1999). Noble Quran (1st ed.). Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-9960-740-79-9.
A. Khanbaghi (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I. B. Tauris.
Khavari, Farid A. (1990). Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. ISBN 0-915677-55-5.
Kramer, Martin, ed. (1999). The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis. Syracuse University. ISBN 978-965-224-040-8.
Kuban, Dogan (1974). Muslim Religious Architecture. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03813-4.
Lewis, Bernard (1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509061-1.
Lewis, Bernard (1996). Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510283-3.
Mubarkpuri, Saifur-Rahman (2002). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-071-0.
Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). History of Islam. Dar-us-Salam Publications. ISBN 978-1-59144-034-5.
Nigosian, S.A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices (New ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21627-4.
Rahman, Fazlur (1979). Islam (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70281-0.
Schimmel, Annemarie (1994). Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0791419823.
Tausch, Arno (2009). What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. ISBN 978-1-60692-731-1.
Tausch, Arno (2015). The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui (1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. ISBN 978-1-62948-899-8.
Walker, Benjamin (1998). Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7206-1038-3.