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ISLAM AND THE VIOLENCE
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
NOTES
a ^ Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his Quranic commentary states that: "In case of family jars four steps are mentioned, to be taken in that order. (1) Perhaps verbal advice or admonition may be sufficient; (2) if not, sex relations may be suspended; (3) if this is not sufficient, some slight physical correction may be administered; but Imam Shafi'i considers this inadvisable, though permissible, and all authorities are unanimous in deprecating any sort of cruelty, even of the nagging kind, as mentioned in the next clause; (4) if all this fails, a family council is recommended in passage 4:35."[305]
b ^ Ibn Kathir Ad-Damishqee records in his Tafsir Al-Qur'an Al-Azim that "Ibn 'Abbas and several others said that the Ayah refers to a beating that is not violent. Al-Hasan Al-Basri said that it means, a beating that is not severe."[309]
References:
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- ^ John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma(consensus)."
- ^ ab Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0759109919, pp. 6–21
- ^ Esposito, John (1999). The Oxford history of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510799-9.
- ^ Otto, Jan (2010). Sharia incorporated a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present. Leiden: Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-90-8728-057-4.
- ^ Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, ISBN 978-1905221417
- ^ Hamann, Katie (29 December 2009). "Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia". Voice of America. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
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- ^ Staff (3 January 2003). "Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split". BBC News. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years".
- Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
• p. 16. "When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead."
• p. 189. "When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill." - Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 July 2009). "Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence". The Independent. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
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- Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
- ^ [1]. Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:. "The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri".
- Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp. 331–52
- "PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan."". Pbs.org. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- Tibi, Bassam (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe. Routledge. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, see article on Shari'ah (Islamic law), 2006
- Otto, J. M. (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Vol. 3), Amsterdam University Press
- ^ Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, "Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights", in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives, pp 351–56 (John Witte Jr. & Johan D. van der Vyver eds., 1996).
- ^ ab Hajjar, Lisa. "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis." Law & Social Inquiry 29.1 (2004); pp. 1–38
- ^ Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). "Arab and western conceptions of democracy"; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East(Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; ISBN 978-0253209399
- ^ Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf; Sherifa, Zuhur (2004). Islamic Rulings on Warfare. DIANE Publishing. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-4289-1039-3.
- ^ "Separation of Church and State: In the West and Under Sharia" By Immanuel Al-Manteeqi. Counter Jihad. 17 August 2016. Downloaded 1 March 2017.
- ^ ab c Johnson, James Turner (1 November 2010). "1". Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. Penn State Press. pp. 20–25. ISBN 978-0-271-04214-5.
- ^ ab "Islamic Imperialism | Yale University Press".
- ^ ab Lews, Bernard, Islam and the West, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 9–10
- ^ name=Zuhur>Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa, Islamic Rulings on Warfare, p. 22, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, ISBN 1-4289-1039-5
- ^ "Paul and the Government of the Soul" Archived 30 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Philosophy and Scripture. By Jason Adams. Downloaded 6 March 2017
- ^ ab c d Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
- ^ ab c Khaled M. Abou El Fadl (13 October 2009). The Great Theft. HarperCollins. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-06-174475-4.
- ^ Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (15 February 2011). The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-230-31994-3.
Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1)
- ^ Wendy Doniger, ed. (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&pg=PA571. Missing or empty
|title=
(help), Jihad. - ^ Josef W. Meri, ed. (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA419. Missing or empty
|title=
(help), Jihad. - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF)on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ Esposito, John L. (1988). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-19-504398-3.
- ^ "Part 2: Islamic Practices". al-Islam.org. Retrieved 27 August2014.
- ^ Jihad and the Islamic Law of War Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism. The doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (Mouton Publishers, 1979), p. 118
- ^ "Jihad". Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ DeLong-Bas (2010), p. 3
- ^ Lloyd Steffen, Lloyd (2007). Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence. Rowman& Littlefield. p. 221. ISBN 9781461637394.
- ^ cf., e.g., BBC news article Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland
- ^ Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam (Brill, 1977), p. 3
- ^ Patricia Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh University Press, 2005), p. 363
- ^ Khaled Abou El Fadl stresses that the Islamic theological tradition did not have a notion of "Holy war" (in Arabic al-harb al-muqaddasa), which is not an expression used by the Quranic text or Muslim theologians. In Islamic theology, war is never holy; it is either justified or not. He further states that the Quran does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as qital. (source:Abou El Fadl, Khaled (23 January 2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 222. ISBN 978-0061189036.
- ^ Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72. Cf. William M. Watt, Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War in: Thomas P. Murphy, The Holy War(Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143
- ^ Ghamidi, Javed (2001). "The Islamic Law of Jihad". Mizan. Dar ul-Ishraq. OCLC 52901690.
- ^ Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
The Koran is not a squeamish document, and exhort the believers to jihad. Verses such as "Do not follow the unbelievers, but struggle against them mightily" (25.52) and "fight [those who have been given a revelation] who do not believe in God and the last day" (9.29) may originally have been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but could be redirected once a new set of enemies appeared.
- ^ William M. Watt: Muhammad at Medina, p. 4; q.v. the Tafsirregarding these verses
- ^ David Cook, Understanding Jihad; University of California Press: CA, 2005
- ^ Edwards, Richard; Zuhur, Sherifa (12 May 2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 553. ISBN 9781851098422.
- ^ "Islam er den mest krigeriske religion". Jyllands-Posten (in Danish). 9 October 2005.
- ^ Magaard, Tina (2007). "Fjendebilleder og voldsforestillinger i islamiske grundtekster [Images of enemies and conceptions of violence in Islamic core scriptures]". In Mehdi Mozaffari; Hans-Jørgen Schanz; Mikkel Thorup (eds.). Totalitarisme: venskab og fjendskab (in Danish). Århus Universitetsforlag. pp. 213–238.
- ^ ab Kohlberg, Etan, "The Development of the Imami Shi'i Doctrine of Jihad." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen Laendischen Gesellschaft, 126 (1976), pp. 64–86, esp. pp. 78–86
- ^ Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). "What Does Jihad Mean?". Middle East Quarterly: 9–17.
Shi'i writers make a further qualification, that offensive jihad is permissible only in the presence of the expected Imam-and thus not under current circumstances.
- ^ Coates, David, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to American Politics, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780199764310.
- ^ Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa,"Islamic Rulings on Warfare", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, ISBN 1-4289-1039-5 p. 6.
- ^ William Montgomery Watt (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
- ^ ab Richard A. Gabriel (2007). Muhammad: Islam's First Great General. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2.
- ^ Mathewes, Charles T. (2010). Understanding Religious Ethics. John Wiley and Sons. p. 197. ISBN 9781405133517.
- ^ Gupta, Dipak K. (2008). Understanding terrorism and political violence: the life cycle of birth, growth, transformation, and demise. Taylor & Francis. p. 232. ISBN 9780203930274.
- ^ Roy, Saberi. "Islam, Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Terrorism". Globalpolitician. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
- ^ Sam Harris "Who Are the Moderate Muslims?"
- ^ Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p. 197
- ^ Khaleel Muhammad, professor of religious studies at San Diego State University, states, regarding his discussion with the critic Robert Spencer, that "when I am told ... that Jihad only means war, or that I have to accept interpretations of the Qur'an that non-Muslims (with no good intentions or knowledge of Islam) seek to force upon me, I see a certain agendum developing: one that is based on hate, and I refuse to be part of such an intellectual crime." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ^ Quran 9:12–15
- ^ Quran 42:39
- ^ Ishay, Micheline (2 June 2008). The history of human rights. Berkeley: University of California. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-520-25641-5.
- ^ Article on Jihad by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("Jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..")
- ^ Oliver Leaman (2006). Jewish Thought. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-203-08868-5.
- ^ Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 89. ISBN 9780313360251.
- ^ Nielsen, Jørgen S.; Christoffersen, Lisbet (2010). Shariʻa as discourse: legal traditions and the encounter with Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 9781409497028.
- ^ Bennett, Clinton (2005). Muslims and modernity: an introduction to the issues and debates. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 220. ISBN 9780826454812.
- ^ ab Boulding, Elise. "Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History", p. 57
- ^ ab Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48
- ^ Churchill, Robert Paul. "Interpreting the Jihad of Islam: Muslim militarism vs. Muslim pacifism", 1995
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- ^ Muhammad ibn Isma'il Bukhari, The Translation of the Meaning of Sahih al-Bukhari, trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 8 vols. (Medina: Dar al-Fikr: 1981), 4:34–204. Quoted in Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). "What Does Jihad Mean?". Middle East Quarterly: 9–17.
In hadith collections, jihad means armed action; for example, the 199 references to jihad in the most standard collection of hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari, all assume that jihad means warfare.
- ^ ab Richard Stephen Voss, Identifying Assumptions in the Hadith/Sunnah Debate, 19.org, Accessed 5 December 2013
- ^ Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed 22 May 2013.
- ^ "Suspension of Jihad". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ ab c Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 190–208. ISBN 978-1-85065-916-7.
- ^ "True Concept of Islamic Jihad". Review of Religions. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
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- ^ The Quranic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, pp. 228–32, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
- ^ Ali, Maulana Muhammad. The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad". pp. 411–13. Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. link
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- ^ ab B.A Rafiq (1978). Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets. London Mosque. ISBN 978-0-85525-013-3.
- ^ Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1998). Revelation Rationality Knowledge and Truth, Future of Revelation. Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-640-8.
- ^ ab Colin Lago (2011). The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 312. ISBN 978-0-335-23851-4.
- ^ "Localising Diaspora: the Ahmadi Muslims and the problem of multi-sited ethnography". Association of Social Anthropologists, 2004 conference panel.
- ^ Dammer, Harry; Albanese, Jay (4 January 2013). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Cengage Learning. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-285-06786-5.
- ^ Criminal Law Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press (2013)
- ^ Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993). Punishment in Islamic Law. American Trust Publications. pp. 1–68. ISBN 978-0892591428.
- ^ Silvia Tellenbach (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law (Ed: Markus D. Dubber and Tatjana Hornle). Oxford University Press. pp. 251–253. ISBN 978-0199673599.
- ^ ab Mark Cammack (2012), Islamic Law and Crime in Contemporary Courts, Berkeley J. of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1–7
- ^ Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, not bandits: the status of rebels in Islamic law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–39. doi:10.1017/S1816383111000117.
- ^ Omar A. Farrukh (1969). Ibn Taimiyya on Public and Private Law in Islam or Public Policy in Islamic Jurisprudence. OCLC 55624054.
- ^ M. Cherif Bassiouni (1997), Crimes and the Criminal Process, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1997), pp. 269–86
- ^ ab Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, ISBN 978-0892591428, pp. 1–68
- ^ Silvia Tellenbach (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law (Ed: Markus D. Dubber and Tatjana Hornle), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199673599, pp. 251–53
- ^ ab Oliver Leaman (2013), Controversies in Contemporary Islam, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415676137, Ch. 9, pp.124–127
- ^ Z. Mir-Hosseini (2011), Criminalizing sexuality: zina laws as violence against women in Muslim contexts, SUR-International Journal on Human Rights, 8(15), pp 7–33
- ^ Kecia Ali (2006), Sexual Ethics and Islam, ISBN 978-1851684564, Chapter 4.
- ^ ab c Nisrine Abiad (2008), Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations, British Institute of International and Comparative Law, ISBN 978-1905221417, pp. 24–25
- ^ Otto, Jan Michiel (2008). Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 663, 31. ISBN 978-90-8728-048-2.
- ^ Philip Reichel and Jay Albanese (2013), Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice, SAGE publications, ISBN 978-1452240350, pp. 36-37
- ^ Richard J. Terrill (7 April 2010). World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey. Routledge. p. 629. ISBN 978-1-4377-5577-0.
- ^ Hadd Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press (2012)
- ^ John L. Esposito (2004), The Islamic World: Past and Present, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0397512164, pp. 82–83
- ^ Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment in Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, ISBN 978-0892591428
- ^ Shahid M. Shahidullah, Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: Global and Local Perspectives, ISBN 978-1449604257, pp. 370–372
- ^ Tahir Wasti (2009), The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004172258, pp. 12–13
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Qisas (2012)
- ^ Qur'an, V: 45.
- ^ Court orders Iranian man blinded, BBC, 28 November 2008
- ^ "Acid blinding sentence postponed by Iran after international outcry", The Guardian, UK, 14 May 2011
- ^ Tazir Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press
- ^ Rudolph Peters (2006). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
- ^ Rudolph Peters (2006). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
- ^ ab c d Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015). The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-870173-6.
- ^ Janine di Giovanni, "When It Comes to Beheadings, ISIS has Nothing Over Saudi Arabia", Newsweek, 14 October 2014.
- ^ Russell Goldman, "Saudi Arabia's Beheading of a Nanny Followed Strict Procedures", abcnews.com, 11 January 2013.
- ^ Justine Drennen (20 January 2015). "Saudi Arabia's Beheadings Are Public, but It Doesn't Want Them Publicized". Foreign Policy Magazine.
- ^ ab "Death Penalty Database: Iran", deathpenaltyworldwide.org, Cornell Law School, accessed 13 June 2016.
- ^ "Iran / death penalty A state terror policy" (PDF). International Federation for Human Rights. 16 March 2010. p. 38. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ Kronenwetter, Michael (2001). Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576074329.
- ^ Sara Hussein and Rita Daou (3 September 2014). "Jihadists beheadings sow fear, prompt Muslim revulsion". Yahoo! News. AFP. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ James Watson, Anne Hill (2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 325. ISBN 9781628921489.
- ^ "Muslim World Reacts To ISIS Brutal Tactics, Beheading of US Journalist James Foley". International Business Times. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
- ^ Alia Brahami (2010). Sibylle Scheipers (ed.). Terrorist Beheadings: Politics and Reciprocity. Prisoners in War. Oxford University Press. p. 551. ISBN 9780191610387.
- ^ "Hezbollah, Hamas denounce beheadings". Associated Press/NBC News. 13 May 2004. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ "Even al-Qaeda denounced beheading videos. Why the Islamic State brought them back". Associated Press/NBC News. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ^ ab E. Ann Black, Hossein Esmaeili and Nadirsyah Hosen (2014), Modern Perspectives on Islamic Law, ISBN 978-0857934475, pp. 222–223
- ^ Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521796705, p. 37
- ^ Muhsan The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (2012)
- ^ ab Ismail Poonwala (2007), The Pillars of Islam: Laws pertaining to human intercourse, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195689075, pp. 448–57
- ^ Al Muwatta 41 1.8
- ^ Blasphemy at dictionary.com
- ^ Wiederhold, Lutz. "Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule."Journal of semitic studies 42.1 (1997): 39–70.
- ^ ab Abdullah Saeed; Hassan Saeed (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-7546-3083-8.
- ^ ab Saeed, Abdullah; Hassan Saeed (2004). Freedom of religion, apostasy and Islam. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7546-3083-8.
- ^ ab
- Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), ISBN 978-1610691772, pp. 59–67
- R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, ISBN 978-1621570257, pp. 100–101
- ^ Brian Winston (2014), The Rushdie Fatwa and After: A Lesson to the Circumspect, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-1137388599, pp. 74, Quote – "(In the case of blasphemy and Salman Rushdie) the death sentence it pronounced was grounded in a jurisprudential gloss on the Surah al-Ahzab (33:57)"
- ^ Richard T. Antoun (2014). Muslim Preacher in the Modern World: A Jordanian Case Study in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4008-6007-4.
All the negative connotations of factionalism, social dissension, blasphemy, and their logical conclusions conspiracy, military confrontation and damnation - are captured in the title of this sura, al-Ahzab (The Confederates, Book 33)
- ^ See the articles about Islamic jurisdictions under Blasphemy law.
- ^ P Smith (2003), Speak No Evil: Apostasy, Blasphemy and Heresy in Malaysian Syariah Law, UC Davis Journal Int'l Law & Policy, 10, pp. 357–373; *N Swazo (2014), The Case of Hamza Kashgari: Examining Apostasy, Heresy, And Blasphemy Under Sharia, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 12(4), pp. 16–26
- ^ "Blasphemy Salman Rushdie". Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ Doran, Michael Scott (January–February 2004). "The Saudi Paradox". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 December 2005. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2, p.179, Irfan Shahîd. Also see footnote
- ^ Husayn Haykal, Muhammad (2008). The Life of Muhammad. Selangor: Islamic Book Trust. p. 250. ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7.
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Vol. VII, 1993, p. 872
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- ^ ab Gallup Inc. "What Makes a Radical?". Gallup.com.
- ^ Sutton, Philip W.; Vertigans, Stephen (2005). Resurgent Islam: a sociological approach. Polity. p. 7. ISBN 9780745632339.
Stereotypical views which portray Islam as an inherently violent religion, a 'religion of the sword' and an increasing global threat have thus been reinforced and even extended over recent years.
- ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 374.
- ^ John Hinnells; Richard King (2007). Religion and Violence in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-203-08869-2.
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- ^ "A Nation Challenged: The Religious Right; Islam Is Violent in Nature, Pat Robertson Says". New York Times. 23 February 2002.
The religious broadcaster Pat Robertson has described Islam as a"violent religion that wants to 'dominate and then, if need be, destroy'."
- ^ Banks, Adelle M. (21 December 2009). "Survey: Two-thirds of Protestant pastors consider Islam 'dangerous'". USA Today. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^http://www.arabistjansen.nl/Arabist/pub_list_Engl_files/RelRootsMusViol.doc
- ^ ab Powell, Kimberly (2011). "Framing Islam: An Analysis of U.S. Media Coverage of Terrorism Since 9/11". Communication Studies. 62: 90–112. doi:10.1080/10510974.2011.533599.
- ^ "Islamofobi – definitioner och uttryck". Forum för levande historia. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.
- ^ Aldridge, Alan (1 February 2000). Religion in the Contemporary World: A Sociological Introduction. Polity Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7456-2083-1.
- ^ Bleich, Erik (2011). "What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept". American Behavioral Scientist. 55 (12): 1581–1600. doi:10.1177/0002764211409387.
- ^ Imhoff, Roland & Recker, Julia "Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique" Journal of Political Psychology
- ^ Salaita, Steven (Fall 2006). "Beyond Orientalism and Islamophobia: 9/11, Anti-Arab Racism, and the Mythos of National Pride". CR: The New Centennial Review. 6 (2).
- ^ Puniyani, Ram (2005). Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times. SAGE. p. 98. ISBN 9780761933380.
- ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). Terror in the mind of God: the global rise of religious violence. University of California Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780520240117.
- ^ Hood, Ralph W.; Hill, Peter C.; Spilka, Bernard (2009). The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. Guilford Press. p. 257. ISBN 9781606233924.
- ^ Muzaffar, Chandra (2002). Rights, religion and reform: enhancing human dignity through spiritual and moral transformation. Taylor & Francis. p. 345. ISBN 9780700716487.
Further Reading
- Ferguson, John (1978) [1977]. War and Peace in the World's Religions. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195200744. OCLC 715220863.
External links
Quotations related to Islam and violence at Wikiquote
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