Thursday, March 26, 2020

SER 04 / (B) OF X SERIALS (Infectious Diseases) - 2019-2020 CORNAVIRUS PANDEMIC

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/04/ser-12-b-of-x-serials-infectious.html
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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/04/save-lives-ready-shovels.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-impossible-ethics-of-pandemic-triage.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/04/how-it-will-end.html


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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/ser-04-c-of-x-serials-infectious_27.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/2019-2020-cornavirus-pandemic_26.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/2019-2020-cornavirus-pandemic.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/novel-coronavirus-covid-19.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/history-in-crisis-lessons-for-covid-19.html

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https://bcvasundhra.blogspot.com/2020/03/infectious-diseases-infectious-diseases.html








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                         [ Page  02  OF  03 Pages ]

              2019-2020    CORNAVIRUS  PANDEMIC

                                 From Wikipedia, the free encycloped

  "Coronavirus outbreak" redirects here. For other outbreaks of coronaviruses, see Coronavirus § Outbreaks

Impacts



Politics


Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on politics

Chinese President Xi Jinping (left) and Prime Minister Li Keqiang (right), who is in charge of prevention and control of the epidemic.


A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions. Some experts believe this is likely in a move to protect Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak.[674]

In early March, the Italian government criticized the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy.[675][676] On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy.[677]

The planned NATO “Defender 2020” military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,[678] the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.[679]

The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus.[680][681] Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying that his country doesn't have access to international markets due to the United States sanctions against Iran.[682]

The outbreak has prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid family leave, and higher levels of funding for public health.[683] Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election.[684] The outbreak has also led to bipartisan praise for both Republican and Democratic Governors.[685]

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic.[686] South Korea criticized Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts".[687]

Education


Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education



Learners affected by school closures caused by COVID-19
  Localised school closures
  Country-wide school closures
  No school closures


As of 20 March, more than 960 million children and other students were affected by temporary or indefinite government-mandated school closures.[24][688][689] Of these, 105 countries shut schools nationwide, affecting students who would normally attend pre-primary to upper-secondary classes, and 15 countries implemented localized closures, affecting an additional 640 million school children and other students.[690]

On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.[691]

Even when school closures were temporary, the measures carried high social and economic costs, affecting people across communities, but their impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.[24][692]

In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programs, open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.[690]

Socioeconomics



Coronavirus fears have led to panic buying of essentials in Singapore and elsewhere, including toilet paper, dried and/or instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant and rubbing alcohol


The coronavirus outbreak has been attributed to several instances of supply shortages, stemming from: globally increased usage of equipment to fight the outbreaks, panic buying and disruption to factory and logistic operations. The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about shortages to drugs and medical equipment due to increased consumer demand and supplier disruption.[611] Several localities, such as the United States,[612] Italy,[613] and Hong Kong,[614] also witnessed panic buying that led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper and bottled water, inducing supply shortages.[615] The technology industry in particular has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.[616] According to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold and this demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.[617][618] This has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.[619]

In Australia, the pandemic has provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to sell Australian product into China.[620] This activity has left locals without essential supplies.[621]

As mainland China is a major economy and a manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilizing threat to the global economy. Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes. In January 2020, some analysts estimated that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the SARS outbreak.[622] One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years.[623] Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries reportedly "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.[624] Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.[625][626] On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, various US stock indexes including the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points, the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08.[627] All three indexes ended the week down more than 10%.[628] On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook.[629] Stocks plunged again based on coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March 2020.[630] Many consider an economic recession to be .[631][632][633]

The near-empty arrival hall of Seoul–Incheon International Airport in South Korea on 6 March

Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advise of governments against any travel all over the world. As a consequence, numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, including British Airways, China Eastern and Qantas, while British regional airline Flybe collapsed.[634] Several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed.[635] The epidemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.[636][637] Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.[638] In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.[639][640] These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.[640] Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.[641][642]

Retail sector has been impacted globally, with store hours reductions or temporary closures.[643] This resulted in 30% drop in daily footfall by 18 March, with additional restrictions, such as closure of all 150+ shopping centres nationally by Simon Property Group, by mall operators around the world.[644]

Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in Northern Italy and the Wuhan region, and the ensuing high demand for food products, both areas have been spared from acute food shortages. Effective measures by China and Italy against the hoarding and illicit trade of critical products have been carried out with success, avoiding acute food shortages that were anticipated in Europe as well as in North America. Northern Italy with its significant agricultural production has not seen a large reduction, but prices may increase according to industry representatives. Empty food shelves were only encountered temporarily, even in Wuhan city, while Chinese government officials released pork reserves to assure sufficient nourishment of the population. Similar laws exist in Italy, that require food producers to keep reserves for such emergencies.[645][646]

Environment

Due to the coronavirus outbreak's impact on travel and industry, many regions experienced a drop in air pollution. The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air reported that methods to contain the spread of coronavirus, such as quarantines and travel bans, resulted in a 25% reduction of carbon emission in China.[641][642] In the first month of lockdowns, China produced approximately 200 million fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide than the same period in 2019, due to the reduction in air traffic, oil refining, and coal consumption.[642] One expert estimated that this reduction may have saved at least 77,000 lives.[642] Between 1 January and 11 March 2020, the European Space Agency observed a marked decline in nitrous oxide emissions from cars, power plants and factories in the Po Valley region in northern Italy, coinciding with lockdowns in the region.[643] In Venice, the water in the canals cleared up and experienced an increased presence of fish and waterfowl; the Venice mayor's office clarified that the increase in water clarity was due to the settling of sediment that is disturbed by boat traffic and mentioned the decrease in air pollution along the waterways.[644]

Despite a temporary decline in global carbon emissions, the International Energy Agency warned that the economic turmoil caused by the coronavirus outbreak may prevent or delay companies from investing in green energy.[645][646][647][648] However, extended quarantine periods have boosted adoption of remote work policies.[649][650] As a consequence of the unprecedented use of disposable face masks, significant numbers are entering the natural environment, adding to the worldwide burden of plastic waste.[651]

Culture

Main article: List of events affected by the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on religion, on cinema, on television, on sports, and on video games


The closed entrance to the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Ray, Iran. Cultural sites and other public spaces throughout the world were closed to slow the spread of the pandemic.

Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, the film industry, and other social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, fashion shows and sports.[652][653]

The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled.[652] Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online livestreaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship.[654][655][652] With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square is emptied of Christian pilgrims,[652] other religious bodies also cancelled services and limiting public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues and gurdwaras.[652] Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed,[656][454] while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to the holy sites in Mecca and Medina.[657][658]

The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War. Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League,[659] 2019–20 Premier League,[660] UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season,[661] and 2019–20 NHL season.[662] The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics (originally scheduled to start at the end of July); the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".[663][664]

Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled. This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting doubling of their rate of new sign-ups.[665]

The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.[666][667] Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.[668] Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts[669] or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute and publicize their work.[670]

Potential long-term impacts

See also: Globalization and disease
The political, cultural, and socio-economic impacts of the pandemic may together cause major changes in human society.[671] Commentators have suggested this could include an increase in remote work,[672] localization of global supply chains,[673][674] and increased political polarization.[671]

Xenophobia and racism

Main article: List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic



Houston Chinatown where businesses claim up to a 75% reduction in business due to the pandemic.[686]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia and racism have been noted toward people of European, Chinese and other East Asian descent, as incidents of fear, suspicion and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America and the Asia-Pacific region.[687][688][689] Some countries in Africa saw rising anti-Chinese sentiment as well.[690][691] There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, towards those in virus-stricken areas,[692][693][694][695] but many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported experiencing discrimination based on their regional origin.[696][697][698] Since the progression of the outbreak to new hot-spot countries, people from Italy, the centre of Europe's coronavirus outbreak, have also been subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.[699][700]

Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea, initially signed petitions lobbying their government to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease spreading.[701][702][703][704] In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan had been trending on Twitter.[705] Chinese people in the United Kingdom said they were facing increasing levels of racist abuse, with cases of assaults reported.[706][707] In the United States, there have been widespread incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans.[32][708][709][710][711] U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by detractors to be Sinophobic.[712][713] In response, Trump tweeted: "It is very important that we totally protect our Asian American community in the United States, and all around the world."[713] Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.[714] Students from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, who study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.[715] The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them." The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".[716]

Islamists have exploited the disease to foster anti-Western sentiment.[717] In Hong Kong, anti-Western sentiment has risen as expats are accused of introducing a 'second wave' of the disease.[718] Anti-Caucasian sentiment has also risen in Thailand, where Westerners are accused of spreading the disease.[719]

There were rumours in India that some Muslims who returned from Dubai refused to undergo coronavirus testing for religious reasons. The news was then amplified by bloggers and some social media channels, but it was later debunked and confirmed to be false.[720] Local authorities in Bolivia quarantined Japanese nationals despite them having no coronavirus-related symptoms.[721] In the Russian cities of Moscow and Yekaterinburg, Chinese nationals were targeted by quarantine enforcing campaigns, as well as police raids, which were condemned by human rights advocates as racial profiling.[722] The Chinese Embassy in Germany has acknowledged a rise in hostile cases against its citizens since the outbreak.[723] Children of Asian descent were ostracized and mocked over their origins in middle schools near Paris.[724][725] Many French-Vietnamese report also being subject to harassment since the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan.[726]

As the pandemic has progressed, there have also been isolated instances of prejudice against Westerners, particularly Western tourists accused of importing the disease. Most notably, a post to the Twitter account of the Thai Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, urged Thais to be "more careful of Westerners than Asians".[727] It claimed many Western tourists refused to wear masks and "dressed dirtily and never shower".[727] The post attracted negative feedback in Thailand[728] and the UK[729] and was quickly removed. Mr Charnvirakulk claimed he was not responsible for it.[730]


On 30 January, the WHO's Emergency Committee issued a statement advising all countries to be mindful of the "principles of Article 3 of the IHR (the International Health Regulations)", which the WHO says is a caution against "actions that promote stigma or discrimination" when conducting national response measures to the outbreak.[377]

Information dissemination

Many newspapers with paywalls have lowered them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.[731] Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.[732] Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.[733]

Misinformation

Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

See also: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on social media
After the initial outbreak, conspiracy theories and misinformation[734] spread online regarding the origin and scale of the COVID-19 coronavirus.[735] Various social media posts claimed the virus was a bio-weapon, a population control scheme, or the result of a spy operation.[736][737][738] Facebook, Google and Twitter announced that they would take stringent measures against possible misinformation.[739] In a blog post, Facebook stated they would remove content flagged by leading global health organizations and local authorities that violates its content policy on misinformation leading to "physical harm".[740]

On 2 February, the WHO declared there was a "massive infodemic" accompanying the outbreak and response, citing an overabundance of reported information, accurate and false, about the virus that "makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it". The WHO stated that the high demand for timely and trustworthy information has incentivized the creation of a direct WHO 24/7 myth-busting hotline where its communication and social media teams have been monitoring and responding to misinformation through its website and social media pages.[741][742] The WHO has specifically debunked as false some claims that have circulated on social media, including that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; that drinking lots of water will protect against the virus; and that gargling salt water will prevent infection.[743]

Taiwanese authorities accused the 50 Cent Party's internet trolls of spreading disinformation online to sow fear and panic among Taiwanese.[744][745] Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 being the CIA's creation to keep China down spread across the Chinese internet.[746][747] Possibly prompted by a press conference on 27 February where Zhong Nanshan, a prominent expert, said that "the coronavirus first appeared in China but may not have originated in China", individual officials have echoed Xinhua's claim that "The WHO has said many times that COVID-19 is a global phenomenon with its source still undetermined."[748][749] Zhao Lijian, a spokesman from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, tweeted in March 2020 that the disease may have been introduced by members of the American Army who visited Wuhan in October 2019.[750] In a move which third party commentators consider state propaganda to deflect blame for poor handling of the epidemic, some officials, including a foreign ministry spokesman, as reported by the state news agency Xinhua, have protested at alleged "politicisation" of the outbreak by countries.[751] Commentators also consider the state propaganda is promoting a narrative that China's authoritarian system is uniquely capable of curbing the coronavirus and contrasts that with the chaotic response of the Western democracies.[752][753][754]

US President Donald Trump's top economic adviser Larry Kudlow and some members of the United States Congress have been accused of giving misinformation about the coronavirus.[755][756][757] Some Indian politicians claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure coronavirus.[758][759] On 22 February, US officials said that they have discovered Russia-linked social media accounts deliberately promoting anti-American conspiracy theories, such as "waging economic war" on China,[760][761] which was denied by Russia.[762]

Iranian cleric Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi accused US President Donald Trump of targeting Qom with coronavirus to fulfill his previous promise of retaliation against Iranian cultural sites.[763] Iran's Press TV asserted that "Zionist elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran",[764] while Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said that the US created "a special version" of the virus that was affecting the country.[765] According to the Middle East Media Research Institute, numerous writers in the Arabic media have promoted the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 was deliberately created and spread by the United States, as "part of an economic and psychological war waged by the US against China with the aim of weakening it and presenting it as a backward country and a source of diseases".[766]

See also

External links

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References



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